Flight Rules

Flight rules determine the regulatory framework under which a flight is conducted. They define how a pilot navigates, communicates, and interacts with air traffic control (ATC). There are two primary types: Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). In some cases, Special VFR (SVFR) and Y/Z Flight Rules also apply for mixed procedures.

• Flight is conducted by visual reference to the ground and surroundings
• The pilot must remain clear of clouds and meet minimum visibility criteria
• VFR is permitted in airspace where visual separation is possible and allowed
• Used primarily by general aviation, training, and daytime flights

• Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC)
• Navigation using charts, landmarks, and VFR reporting points
• Compliance with airspace structure and clearances (e.g., entry into CTR)

“VFR from Linz to Krems at 3000 feet”

• Flight is conducted entirely using instruments in the cockpit
• Used in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) or airspace where ATC separation is required
• Required for commercial airline operations, flights above controlled airspace, and poor weather
• Pilots must hold an Instrument Rating (IR)

• IFR flight plan filed in advance
• Routing via controlled airways, Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs), and STARs
• Full ATC clearance and continuous communication
• Flight conducted under airspace Class A, C, D, or E

“IFR to Salzburg, requesting startup and clearance”

• A modified form of VFR permitted within controlled airspace (CTR) when weather is below VFR minima
• Requires explicit ATC clearance
• Aircraft must remain clear of cloud and in sight of surface
• Not available in all countries or at all airports

• Visibility ≥ 1500 m (or 800 m for helicopters)
• Daytime operations preferred
• Within the lateral and vertical boundaries of a control zone (CTR)

“Request special VFR departure from control zone westbound”

• Used when a flight transitions between IFR and VFR
• Y Flight Plan: Starts under IFR, then switches to VFR
• Z Flight Plan: Starts under VFR, then switches to IFR
• Requires clear coordination and clearance at the transition point

“Flight Z123, VFR to Munich, request IFR pick-up at reporting point Sierra”

• ✅ VFR does not mean “no contact” — many VFR flights require ATC interaction
• ✅ IFR is not only for airlines — private aircraft can fly IFR with the proper certification
• ✅ Always ensure the selected flight rules match weather, airspace, and pilot qualifications