Category Determination (Aircraft Approach Categories)

Aircraft are classified into approach categories (A through E) based on their Vref (reference landing speed) or 1.3 × stall speed in landing configuration (Vso) at maximum certificated landing weight. These categories determine the minimums (MDA/DA, visibility, circling radius) to be used on instrument approach charts. The system ensures that approach procedures are tailored to an aircraft's maneuvering capability and required obstacle clearance.

• Assign appropriate approach minima (altitude and visibility)
• Define the required circling radius and protected area
• Allow safe separation between terrain, obstacles, and aircraft maneuvering
• Support procedure design and pilot compliance with approach speeds

• Use published Vref from aircraft flight manual
• If Vref is not available, calculate 1.3 × Vso at maximum landing weight
• Round up to the appropriate category
• If actual approach speed is higher than standard, the pilot must use the next higher category’s minima

Example: If a Cessna Citation Mustang flies final at 125 kt, it must use Category C minima—even if certified as Category B.

• Approach charts: MDA/DA and visibility minima are shown by category
• Circling approaches: Radius and MDA increase with category
• Missed approach climb gradients: May differ by aircraft performance
• Speed restrictions: Categories also define maneuvering expectations during approach

Approach charts will include these lines under the Landing Minima or Circling Minima section.

• ✅ Know your actual final approach speed before beginning an approach
• ✅ Always brief the correct category minima during the approach briefing
• ✅ When in doubt, use the higher category for safety and legality
• ✅ Practice category-based decision-making in LearnATC’s approach chart interpretation module